Cardiovascular System: Anatomy and Physiology

The cardiovascular system includes the heart and blood vessels, each with specific roles in circulation.

Targets: Understand the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system, including

سندرس سويا الجهاز القلبي الوعائي من منظورين: تشريحي ووظيفي "فسيولوجي"

المحاضرات تفاعلية وممتعة 

سنستخدم فيديوهات حصرية لعرض او مراجعة المعلومات

المراجع المستخدمة:

gray's anatomy

Netter’s Atlas of Human Anatomy 7th Edition

Physiology 6th edition LINDA S. COSTANZO

المقاطع المرئية:

Boards and Beyond

Osmosis

Youtube

الوصف كالتالي:

Cardiovascular System: Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy

1. Heart:

   • Location: In the chest, between the lungs.
   • Structure: Four chambers – two atria (upper chambers) and two ventricles (lower chambers).
   • Function: Pumps blood throughout the body.

2. Blood Vessels:

   • Arteries: Carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart.
   • Veins: Bring oxygen-poor blood back to the heart.
   • Capillaries: Tiny vessels where oxygen and nutrients are exchanged with tissues.

3. Circulatory Pathways:

   • Systemic Circulation: Moves oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
   • Pulmonary Circulation: Moves deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen and then back to the heart.

Physiology

1. Circuitry of the Cardiovascular System:

   • Systemic Circulation: Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the body.
   • Pulmonary Circulation: Exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen in the lungs.

2. Hemodynamics:

   • Blood Flow: Movement of blood through vessels.
   • Blood Pressure: Force of blood against vessel walls.
   • Resistance: Opposition to blood flow within vessels.

3. Cardiac Electrophysiology:

   • Electrical Activity: Controls heartbeats.
   • Conduction System: Includes SA node (pacemaker), AV node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers.

4. Cardiac Muscle Contraction:

   • Mechanism: Muscle fibers contract to pump blood.
   • Role of Calcium: Essential for muscle contraction.

5. Cardiac Cycle:

   • Systole: Heart contracts to pump blood.
   • Diastole: Heart relaxes to fill with blood.
   • Heart Sounds: “Lub” (AV valves closing) and “Dub” (semilunar valves closing).

6. Relationships Between Cardiac Output and Venous Return:

   • Cardiac Output: Amount of blood the heart pumps per minute.
   • Venous Return: Amount of blood returning to the heart.
   • Balance: Both must be equal for efficient circulation.

7. Regulation of Arterial Pressure:

   • Baroreceptors: Detect changes in blood pressure.
   • Hormones: Like adrenaline, regulate pressure.
   • Autonomic Nervous System: Controls heart rate and vessel diameter.

8. Microcirculation:

   • Capillaries: Sites of exchange between blood and tissues.
   • Function: Deliver oxygen and nutrients, remove waste.

9. Special Circulations:

   • Coronary: Supplies the heart muscle.
   • Cerebral: Supplies the brain.
   • Renal: Supplies the kidneys.
   • Hepatic: Supplies the liver.

10. Temperature Regulation:

    • Vasodilation: Blood vessels widen to release heat.
    • Vasoconstriction: Blood vessels narrow to retain heat.

11. Integrative Functions of the Cardiovascular System:

    • Coordination: Heart, blood vessels, and blood work together to meet the body’s needs.
    • Feedback Mechanisms: Maintain balance and respond to changes.