Fundamentals of Neuroscience: Anatomy, Physiology

 The nervous system includes the central and peripheral systems, each with specific structures and functions.

Targets: Understand the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system, including n

سندرس سويا الجهاز العصبي من منظورين: تشريحي ووظيفي "فسيولوجي"

المحاضرات تفاعلية وممتعة 

سنستخدم فيديوهات حصرية لعرض او مراجعة المعلومات

المراجع المستخدمة:

gray's anatomy

Netter’s Atlas of Human Anatomy 7th Edition

Physiology 6th edition LINDA S. COSTANZO

المقاطع المرئية:

Boards and Beyond

Osmosis

Youtube

Nervous System: Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy

1. Central Nervous System (CNS):

   • Brain: The control center of the body, responsible for processing sensory information, regulating bodily functions, and enabling thought and emotion.
   • Spinal Cord: A long, thin bundle of nerves that transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body.

2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):

   • Nerves: Bundles of axons that carry signals to and from the CNS.
   • Somatic Nervous System: Controls voluntary movements by transmitting signals from the CNS to skeletal muscles.
   • Autonomic Nervous System: Regulates involuntary functions like heartbeat and digestion. It has two divisions:
     • Sympathetic: Prepares the body for “fight or flight” responses.
     • Parasympathetic: Promotes “rest and digest” activities.

3. Neurons:

   • Structure: Consist of a cell body, dendrites (receive signals), and an axon (sends signals).
   • Function: Transmit electrical impulses throughout the nervous system.

Physiology

1. Neuron Function:

   • Action Potentials: Electrical impulses that travel along the axon to transmit information.
   • Synapses: Junctions where neurons communicate with other neurons or cells using neurotransmitters.

2. Circuitry of the Nervous System:

   • Sensory Pathways: Carry information from sensory receptors to the CNS.
   • Motor Pathways: Transmit commands from the CNS to muscles and glands.

3. Reflex Arcs:

   • Simple Reflexes: Automatic responses to stimuli, such as the knee-jerk reaction.
   • Complex Reflexes: Involve multiple neurons and synapses, allowing for more sophisticated responses.

4. Autonomic Regulation:

   • Sympathetic Activation: Increases heart rate, dilates pupils, and inhibits digestion.
   • Parasympathetic Activation: Slows heart rate, constricts pupils, and stimulates digestion.

5. Sensory Processing:

   • Receptors: Detect stimuli (e.g., light, sound, touch) and convert them into electrical signals.
   • Integration: The brain processes these signals to create perceptions and responses.

6. Motor Control:

   • Voluntary Movements: Controlled by the motor cortex in the brain.
   • Involuntary Movements: Managed by the autonomic nervous system and reflex arcs.

7. Homeostasis:

   • Temperature Regulation: The hypothalamus in the brain helps maintain body temperature.
   • Blood Pressure Regulation: The autonomic nervous system adjusts heart rate and blood vessel diameter.

8. Special Senses:

   • Vision: Processed by the visual cortex in the brain.
   • Hearing: Managed by the auditory cortex.
   • Taste and Smell: Processed by specific regions in the brain.