مدخل إلى القانون
- 6 اكتوبر / مصر
- آخر تحديث: 2026-09-28
أولاً: نظرية القانون
- أولاً: نظرية القانون1. تعريف القانون ووظيفتهالقانون هو مجموعة القواعد العامة والمجردة والملزمة التي تنظم سلوك الأفراد في المجتمع، ويترتب على مخالفتها جزاء توقعه السلطة العامة.
هدفه الأساسي: تنظيم العلاقات الاجتماعية، تحقيق الاستقرار والعدالة، وحماية الحقوق والحريات.2. خصائص القاعدة القانونيةالقاعدة القانونية تتميز بعدة خصائص رئيسية:- عامة ومجردة: لا تخاطب شخصاً معيناً باسمه، بل تنطبق على كل من تتوافر فيه شروطها.
- ملزمة: مقترنة بجزاء مادي توقعه الدولة.
- اجتماعية: تنظم سلوك الأفراد داخل المجتمع.
- دائمة ومستقرة نسبياً.
- تختلف عن قواعد الأخلاق (الجزاء فيها داخلي/ضميري).
- تختلف عن قواعد الدين (الجزاء أخروي بالإضافة إلى الدنيوي أحياناً).
- تختلف عن قواعد المجاملات والعادات الاجتماعية.
- من حيث قوتها الإلزامية:
- قواعد آمرة (لا يجوز الاتفاق على مخالفتها لأنها تتعلق بالنظام العام).
- قواعد مكملة أو مفسرة (يجوز للأفراد الاتفاق على خلافها).
- من حيث المضمون: موضوعية وشكلية.
- القانون الدستوري
- القانون الإداري
- القانون المالي (المالية العامة)
- القانون الجنائي (العقوبات والإجراءات الجزائية)
- القانون الدولي العام
- القانون المدني
- القانون التجاري
- قانون العمل
- قانون الأسرة (الأحوال الشخصية)
- القانون الدولي الخاص
- مصادر رسمية أصلية:
- التشريع (الدستور، القانون العادي، التشريعات الفرعية/اللوائح).
- مصادر احتياطية:
- مبادئ الشريعة الإسلامية.
- العرف.
- مبادئ القانون الطبيعي وقواعد العدالة.
- مصادر تفسيرية:
- الفقه.
- القضاء.
- من حيث الأشخاص: مبدأ المساواة أمام القانون + مبدأ عدم جواز الاعتذار بالجهل بالقانون.
- من حيث المكان: مبدأ إقليمية القوانين (الأصل) مع بعض الاستثناءات (مبدأ شخصية القوانين في بعض المسائل مثل الأحوال الشخصية).
- من حيث الزمان:
- مبدأ عدم رجعية القوانين (الأصل).
- الأثر الفوري للقوانين الجديدة.
- القوانين التفسيرية والقوانين المتعلقة بالنظام العام قد يكون لها أثر رجعي في حالات محددة.
ثانياً: نظرية الحقالحق هو المصلحة التي يعترف بها القانون ويحميها.أهم الموضوعات:- تعريف الحق وأساسه.
- تقسيمات الحقوق:
- حقوق مالية وحقوق غير مالية.
- حقوق عينية وحقوق شخصية.
- حقوق سياسية وحقوق مدنية.
- أركان الحق: صاحب الحق + محل الحق.
- مصادر الحق (التصرف القانوني والواقعة القانونية).
- استعمال الحق ونظرية عدم التعسف في استعمال الحق.
لا يوجد تقييمات
Frequently Asked Questions
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