management inpatient observation in head trauma 

evidence in traumatic head injury 

post traumatic seizure types 

factor influencing prognosis of head trauma

 Children and infants

Causes:

- Falls (most common)

The possibility of child abuse must always be considered

Clinical features: bulging anterior fontanelle (↑ ICP)

Diagnosis: identify patients with significant TBI but avoid unnecessary radiographic testing

. Management

Inpatient observation indications

• Evidence of traumatic brain injury on imaging (e.g, intracranial hemorrhage)

• Signs of ↑ ICP (e.g., headache, altered mental status)

• Signs of physical abuse very important to know and recognize

Caregivers who are unreliable or unable to return it neurological deficits

develon within 24 hours after release