blood loss, chronic diseases, bone marrow failure.

Macrocytic Anemia:

Large RBCs with increased MCV.

Causes: Vitamin B12/folate deficiency, alcoholism, hypothyroidism.

2. Based on Pathophysiology (Mechanism of Anemia):

Decreased RBC Production:

Causes: Nutritional deficiencies (iron, B12, folate), bone marrow disorders, chronic diseases, hypothyroidism.

Increased RBC Destruction (Hemolytic Anemia):

Causes: Autoimmune disorders, hereditary conditions (sickle cell, thalassemia), infections, drugs.

Blood Loss:

Causes: Trauma, gastrointestinal bleeding, heavy menstruation.

3. Based on Etiology (Underlying Cause):

Nutritional Anemia:

Iron, folate, or vitamin B12 deficiency.

Aplastic Anemia:

Bone marrow failure.

Hemolytic Anemia:

RBC destruction due to immune, mechanical, or hereditary factors.

Chronic Disease-Related Anemia:

Due to long-term conditions like kidney disease, cancer, or infections.

4. Special Types of Anemia:

Sickle Cell Anemia:

Abnormal hemoglobin causing RBC sickling and breakdown.

Thalassemia:

Genetic disorder leading to abnormal hemoglobin production.

Pernicious Anemia:

B12 deficiency due to intrinsic factor lac

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